Ex.
No. 9 Study
of Club fungi
Domain:
Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Basidiomycota, Class: Pucciniomycetes, Order: Pucciniales;
Family: Pucciniaceae
Rust: Raised reddish
brown pustules appear on both the surface of the leaves ; Obligate parasite or Biotroph
|
Disease name
|
Causal Organism
|
|
Wheat Black
stem rust (Late rust in India)
|
Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Puccinia tritici)
|
|
Wheat leaf
orange / Brown rust (Middle rust)
|
Puccinia recondita
(Puccinia triticina)
|
|
Wheat sheath,
stripe yellow rust (Early rust)
|
Puccinia striiformis
(Puccinia glumarum)
|
|
Cumbu / Bajra
rust
|
Puccinia penisetti (Puccinia indica)
|
|
Sorghum rust
|
Puccinia sorghi
|
|
Ground nut
rust
|
Puccinia arachidis
|
|
Coffee rust
|
Hemileia vastatrix
(Wardia vastatrix)
|
|
Bean rust
|
Uromyces appendiculatus
|
|
Rose rust
|
Phragmidium mucronatum
|
|
Soybean rust
|
Phakospora pachyrhizi
|
|
Linseed / Flax
rust
|
Melampsora lini
|
|
Pine blister
rust
|
Cronortium ribicola
|
|
Cedar apple
rust
|
Gymnosporangium juniper
virginianae
|
|
Rubus orange
rust
|
Gymnoconia pikiana
|
Autoecious
/ Homoecious rust : The fungus completes their entire life cycle within the
host. E.g. Pea rust
Heteroecious rust: The fungus required for 2 hosts for
completing their life cycle. E.g. Wheat stem rust
Macrocyclic
rust : The rust fungi are having 5 stages . E.g. Wheat stem rust
Microcyclic
rust: The rust fungi are having 2 stages E.g.
Jasmine rust, Chrysanthemum rust
Autoecious
Macrocyclic rust : All the 5 stages of rust cycle with in the host. E.g.
Sunflower, Bean, Flax rust
Heteroecious
Macrocyclic rust: The rust fungus complete their life cycle purpose required 2
hosts. E.g. Wheat, Cumbu, Sorghum rust
Demicyclic
rust: the rust fungus is absence of (lack) Uredial stage. E.g. Autoecious
demicyclic: Rubus orange rust;
Heteroecious demicyclic : Cedar apple rust
Alternative
/ Collateral / parallel host: Wild host (weed host) of the same families of
main host crops. Rice brown leaf spot – Echinochloa
Alternate
host: In heteroecious rust, 2 hosts are required from different families. One
host is called main host and another one host is called as Alternate host.
|
Primary host
|
Alternate host
|
|
Wheat black
stem rust
|
European
barberry
|
|
Wheat brown
& orange, leaf rust
|
Thalictrum
sp. (yellow meadow rue)
|
|
Wheat yellow
& sheath, stripe rust
|
Not known (But
recently reported European Barberry)
|
|
Sorghum rust
|
Oxalis corniculata
(creeping wood sorrel / sleeping beauty)
|
|
Cumbu rust
|
Brinjal
|
2 stages are
Uredial and Telial
5 stages are
Pycnial, Aecial, Uredial, Telial and Basidial stages
Life
cycle of Ground nut rust (Autoecious / Homoecious rust)
Kingdom:
Fungi ,Division: Eumycota ,Sub – division: Basidiomycotina ,Class:
Basidiomycetes ,Order: Uredinales
Family:
Pucciniaceae ,Genus: Puccinia,Species: arachidis
Symptoms:
The disease appears first as small oval brown pustules on lower surface of the
leaves
Life
cycle:
1. The fungus produces Uredial and Telial stages
2. The
uredospores are globose, brownish yellow in colour
3. They
have 2 germ pores,
4. Uredospores readily become airborne and
serve to disseminate the fungus.
5. The
teliospore are round to ovate, rough thick walled with thickened apex
Life cycle of
wheat stem rust (Heteroecious rust)
Kingdom:
Fungi ,Division: Eumycota , Sub – division: Basidiomycotina ,Class: Basidiomycetes
, Order: Uredinales
Family:
Pucciniaceae , Genus: Puccinia ,Species: graminis f.sp. tritici
Alternate
host – European barberry (Berberis vulgaris)
|
|
Five stages of Macrocyclic heteroecious rust
(Wheat stem rust)
0
stage – Pycnial stage
1st
Stage – Aecial stage
Primary host / Main host – wheat
|
|
2nd
stage – Uredial stage
3rd
Stage – Telial stage
4th
Stage - Basidial stage - Inactive
substrates in the Soil
|
Characters
|
Pycnial stage
|
Aecial stage
|
Uredial stage
|
Telial stage
|
Basidial stage
|
|
Sproulating
structure
|
Pycnium
|
Aecium/
Aecidium
(Aecial Primordia/ Protoaecium)
|
Uredium
/ Uredinium
|
Telium
|
Basidium
|
|
Spores
|
Pycniospore/
Spermatia – Male
Receptive
hypha – Female
|
Aeciospore
/ Aecidiospore
|
Uredospore
/ Urediospore/ Repeating spore/ Uredinospore / Summer spore
|
Teliospore
/ Teleutospore/
Winter
spore /
Black
rust spore
|
Basidiospore
(4)
|
|
Spore
Shape
|
Pycnium
- Flask shape
Spermatia
– oval
Receptive
hypha – Long flexous hypha
|
Hexagonal
|
Oblong,
single celled, stalk like structure
|
Spindle
/ Elliptical, stalked, bicelled,
|
Oval
|
|
Nucleus
|
n (Haploid)
|
2n
(diploid)
|
n
+ n (Dikaryotic)
|
n
+ n (Dikaryotic)
|
n
(haploid)
|
|
Colour
|
Hyaline,
Pycnium is yellow colour due to honey dew like substances
|
Yellow
|
Reddish
brown
|
Dark
brown
|
Hyaline
|
|
Stages
occur in host
|
European
barberry
|
European
barberry
|
Wheat
|
Wheat
|
Soil
(Inactive substrates, Wheat straw)
|
|
No.
of germ pore
|
1
|
6
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
|
Life
cycle
|
Basidiospore
only germinated and produce on Pycnium in upper surface of barberry leaves. Spermatization (Opposite strains are only fertile,
Self strains are sterile) (Craigie, 1927 discovered the sexual stage of rust
fungus)
|
Aecium
produce on corresponding lower surface of the Barberry leaves (Cluster cup
like aecia). The outer wall is called peridium.
|
Repeating
spore. Aeciospore infect the wheat host and produce rust disease (Aeciospore
germinates only on wheat & enters through stomata)
|
Resting
spore. Teliospore germinates to produce probasidium. (Karyogamy) (At the end
of season, the same uredium produced lesser no. of teliospore and higher no.
of uredospore)
|
Among
the 4 basidiospore 2 are + and 2 are – strains (Basidiospore discharges as
water bubble method)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
