Ex. No. 9                                                               Study of Club fungi

Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Basidiomycota, Class: Pucciniomycetes, Order: Pucciniales; Family: Pucciniaceae

Rust: Raised reddish brown pustules appear on both the surface of the leaves ; Obligate parasite or Biotroph

Disease name	Causal Organism
Wheat Black stem rust (Late rust in India)	Puccinia  graminis f.sp. tritici  (Puccinia  tritici)
Wheat leaf orange / Brown rust (Middle rust)	Puccinia recondita (Puccinia triticina)
Wheat sheath, stripe yellow rust (Early rust)	Puccinia striiformis (Puccinia glumarum)
Cumbu / Bajra rust	Puccinia  penisetti (Puccinia  indica)
Sorghum rust	Puccinia sorghi
Ground nut rust	Puccinia arachidis
Coffee rust	Hemileia vastatrix (Wardia vastatrix)
Bean rust	Uromyces appendiculatus
Rose rust	Phragmidium mucronatum
Soybean rust	Phakospora pachyrhizi
Linseed / Flax rust	Melampsora lini
Pine blister rust	Cronortium ribicola
Cedar apple rust	Gymnosporangium juniper virginianae
Rubus orange rust	Gymnoconia pikiana

Autoecious / Homoecious rust : The fungus completes their entire life cycle within the host. E.g. Pea rust

Heteroecious  rust: The fungus required for 2 hosts for completing their life cycle. E.g. Wheat stem rust

Macrocyclic rust : The rust fungi are having 5 stages . E.g.  Wheat stem rust

Microcyclic rust: The rust fungi are having 2 stages E.g.  Jasmine rust, Chrysanthemum rust

Autoecious Macrocyclic rust : All the 5 stages of rust cycle with in the host. E.g. Sunflower, Bean, Flax rust

Heteroecious Macrocyclic rust: The rust fungus complete their life cycle purpose required 2 hosts. E.g.  Wheat, Cumbu, Sorghum rust

Demicyclic rust: the rust fungus is absence of (lack) Uredial stage. E.g. Autoecious demicyclic:  Rubus orange rust; Heteroecious demicyclic : Cedar apple rust

Alternative / Collateral / parallel host: Wild host (weed host) of the same families of main host crops. Rice brown leaf spot – Echinochloa

Alternate host: In heteroecious rust, 2 hosts are required from different families. One host is called main host and another one host is called as Alternate host.

Primary host	Alternate host
Wheat black stem rust	European barberry
Wheat brown & orange, leaf rust	Thalictrum sp. (yellow meadow rue)
Wheat yellow & sheath, stripe rust	Not known (But recently reported European Barberry)
Sorghum rust	Oxalis corniculata (creeping wood sorrel / sleeping beauty)
Cumbu rust	Brinjal

2 stages are Uredial and Telial

5 stages are Pycnial, Aecial, Uredial, Telial and Basidial stages

Life cycle of Ground nut rust (Autoecious / Homoecious rust)

Kingdom: Fungi ,Division: Eumycota ,Sub – division: Basidiomycotina ,Class: Basidiomycetes  ,Order: Uredinales

Family: Pucciniaceae ,Genus: Puccinia,Species: arachidis

Symptoms: The disease appears first as small oval brown pustules on lower surface of the leaves 

Life cycle:

1.        The fungus produces Uredial and Telial stages

2.       The uredospores are globose, brownish yellow in colour

3.       They have 2 germ pores,

4.       Uredospores readily become airborne and serve to disseminate the fungus. 

5.       The teliospore are round to ovate, rough thick walled with thickened apex

Life cycle of wheat stem rust (Heteroecious rust)

Kingdom: Fungi ,Division: Eumycota , Sub – division: Basidiomycotina ,Class: Basidiomycetes , Order: Uredinales

Family: Pucciniaceae , Genus: Puccinia ,Species: graminis f.sp. tritici

Alternate host – European barberry (Berberis vulgaris)

Five stages of Macrocyclic heteroecious rust (Wheat stem rust)

0 stage – Pycnial stage

1^st Stage – Aecial stage

Primary host / Main host – wheat

2^nd stage – Uredial stage

3^rd Stage – Telial stage

4^th Stage -   Basidial stage - Inactive substrates in the Soil

Characters	Pycnial stage			Aecial stage	Uredial stage	Telial stage		Basidial stage
Sproulating structure	Pycnium			Aecium/ Aecidium  (Aecial Primordia/ Protoaecium)	Uredium / Uredinium	Telium		Basidium
Spores	Pycniospore/ Spermatia – Male Receptive hypha – Female			Aeciospore / Aecidiospore	Uredospore / Urediospore/ Repeating spore/ Uredinospore / Summer spore	Teliospore / Teleutospore/ Winter spore / Black rust spore		Basidiospore (4)
Spore Shape	Pycnium - Flask shape Spermatia – oval Receptive hypha – Long flexous hypha			Hexagonal	Oblong, single celled, stalk like structure	Spindle / Elliptical, stalked, bicelled,		Oval
Nucleus	n (Haploid)			2n (diploid)	n + n (Dikaryotic)	n + n (Dikaryotic)		n (haploid)
Colour	Hyaline, Pycnium is yellow colour due to honey dew like substances			Yellow	Reddish brown	Dark brown		Hyaline
Stages occur in host			European barberry	European barberry	Wheat	Wheat	Soil (Inactive substrates, Wheat straw)
No. of germ pore		1		6	4	2		1
Life cycle	Basidiospore only germinated and produce on Pycnium in upper surface of barberry leaves.  Spermatization (Opposite strains are only fertile, Self strains are sterile) (Craigie, 1927 discovered the sexual stage of rust fungus)			Aecium produce on corresponding lower surface of the Barberry leaves (Cluster cup like aecia). The outer wall is called peridium.	Repeating spore. Aeciospore infect the wheat host and produce rust disease (Aeciospore germinates only on wheat & enters through stomata)	Resting spore. Teliospore germinates to produce probasidium. (Karyogamy) (At the end of season, the same uredium produced lesser no. of teliospore and higher no. of uredospore)		Among the 4 basidiospore 2 are + and 2 are – strains (Basidiospore discharges as water bubble method)