Record  submission for both P & Q Batches from 4 to 8 exercise ON  11.10.2019

I Will be send all the remaining exercise and disease photos of exercise number 9 to 16 (Total Number of Exercise are 16) on or before 1st week of October 2019 

Ex No. 8

EX NO 7 CORRECTED WRITING PART 

EX NO 7

Ex. No. 6

Ex. No. 5

Ex. No. 4

Ex.No. 8                 Life cycle of Peach leaf curl, Powdery mildew and Ergot

                 Host                                 :         Peach        Disease: Peach leaf curl          

                 Causal organism         :        Taphrina deformans (Asexual stage is Lalaria)

Asexual reproduction:

                The pathogen survives as blastospores in the bark and the bud scales. They are haploid in nature. By budding ascospores are multiplied and form primary blastospores (haploid, round/ovoid). It is a “spring time” disease as the primary infections occur in spring. By conjugation, these haploid blastospores are converted into dikaryotic blastospores (secondary blastospores) and they are settled on the host surface. On the surface of the leaf, blastospores on germination produce germ tube that infect the host and form dikaryotic mycelium or dikaryotic ascogenous cell (Dimorphic, Enteroblastic).

Sexual reproduction:

                Each ascogenous cell is converted into ascus (dikaryotic in nature/ through crozier formation). After karyogamy, it becomes diploid ascus. They are produced 8 ascospore are inside the ascus. After the ascospores are released they begin to bud and form numerous blastospores which eventually produce germ tube and infect the host.

            Host: Pulses,        Disease: Powdery mildew/ Sac mildew / White mildew

                Causal organism      :           Erysiphe polygoni

Asexual reproduction:

                Ectophytic mycelium produces globose shaped haustoria and terminally aerial mycelium produces conidiophore which arises vertically from the hyphae. The conidia are disseminated by wind (Anemochory). Few days after infection conidia began to cut off from conidiophore and easily carried by wind. Under favourable conditions conidia germinate and producing germ tube which develops into new ectophytic mycelium.

Sexual reproduction:

                The antheridium (male gametangium) and ascogonium (female gametangium) are formed under favourable conditions.  The antheridium is a stalked structure and lies close to the ascogonium and through the crozier formation the eight ascospores are formed. The asci are finally enclosed by enveloping hyphae forming

a closed fruiting body is called as cleistothecium. Later they germinate to produce germ tube and to form new hyphae. 

            Host                              :            Cumbu              Disease : Ergot / Sugary disease in Cumbu

                Causal organism      :            Claviceps fusiformis (Claviceps microcephala)

 (Ergotamine ; Ergot of Commerce – LSD is obtained from the sclerotia)

Reproduction:

Filiform ascospores are disseminated by wind and they germinate on flowers, infect the ovaries. The conidial stage is Sphacelia. The conidia are hyaline, multiply by budding. At the end of the season, they produce pseudograin type of sclerotia, mushroom shaped stromata.

Sexual fruiting body is Perithecium

Ex.No. 8                 Life cycle of Peach leaf curl, Powdery mildew and Ergot

                 Host                                 :         Peach        Disease: Peach leaf curl          

                 Causal organism         :        Taphrina deformans (Asexual stage is Lalaria)

Asexual reproduction:

                The pathogen survives as blastospores in the bark and the bud scales. They are haploid in nature. By budding ascospores are multiplied and form primary blastospores (haploid, round/ovoid). It is a “spring time” disease as the primary infections occur in spring. By conjugation, these haploid blastospores are converted into dikaryotic blastospores (secondary blastospores) and they are settled on the host surface. On the surface of the leaf, blastospores on germination produce germ tube that infect the host and form dikaryotic mycelium or dikaryotic ascogenous cell (Dimorphic, Enteroblastic).

Sexual reproduction:

                Each ascogenous cell is converted into ascus (dikaryotic in nature/ through crozier formation). After karyogamy, it becomes diploid ascus. They are produced 8 ascospore are inside the ascus. After the ascospores are released they begin to bud and form numerous blastospores which eventually produce germ tube and infect the host.

.

            Host: Pulses,        Disease: Powdery mildew/ Sac mildew / White mildew

                Causal organism      :           Erysiphe polygoni

Asexual reproduction:

                Ectophytic mycelium produces globose shaped haustoria and terminally aerial mycelium produces conidiophore which arises vertically from the hyphae. The conidia are disseminated by wind (Anemochory). Few days after infection conidia began to cut off from conidiophore and easily carried by wind. Under favourable conditions conidia germinate and producing germ tube which develops into new ectophytic mycelium.

Sexual reproduction:

                The antheridium (male gametangium) and ascogonium (female gametangium) are formed under favourable conditions.  The antheridium is a stalked structure and lies close to the ascogonium and through the crozier formation the eight ascospores are formed. The asci are finally enclosed by enveloping hyphae forming

a closed fruiting body is called as cleistothecium. Later they germinate to produce germ tube and to form new hyphae. 

            Host                              :            Cumbu              Disease : Ergot / Sugary disease in Cumbu

                Causal organism      :            Claviceps fusiformis (Claviceps microcephala)

 (Ergotamine ; Ergot of Commerce – LSD is obtained from the sclerotia)

Reproduction:

Filiform ascospores are disseminated by wind and they germinate on flowers, infect the ovaries. The conidial stage is Sphacelia. The conidia are hyaline, multiply by budding. At the end of the season, they produce pseudograin type of sclerotia, mushroom shaped stromata.

Sexual fruiting body is Perithecium

 

Ex. No. 7                      Study of Sac/ Crown fungi

   New classification: Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Ascomycota, Class: Leotiomycetes, Order: Erysiphales, Family:  

    Erysiphaceae

Disease name	Causal Organism		Symptoms
Pulses powdery mildew / White mildew	Erysiphe polygoni		White colour powdery growth appear on upper surface of the leaves (talcum powder like growth). Erysiphe produced globular type of Haustoria
Wheat powdery mildew	Blumeria  graminis f.sp. tritici			White colour powdery growth appear on upper surface of the leaves. Blumeria produced digitate type of Haustoria
Cucurbits powdery mildew	Erysiphe cichoracearum / Sphaerotheca  fuliginea			White colour powdery growth appear on upper/ both surface of the leaves. Sphaerotheca fuliginea produced forked appressoria. Erysiphe produced lobed appressoria.
Grapes powdery mildew	Uncinula necator / Oidium tuckeri			White colour powdery growths appear on upper surface of the leaves. Fruit infection: Cracks are formed
Mango powdery mildew	Oidium mangiferae / Pseudoidium anacardii			White colour powdery growths appear on upper surface of the leaves.
Rose powdery mildew	Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae Podosphaera pannosa				White colour powdery growths appear on upper surface of the leaves.
Chilli, Red gram powdery mildew	Leveillula taurica / Oidiopsis taurica			White colour mycelial (powdery) growth appear on lower/ under / abaxial surface of the leaves
Apple powdery mildew	Podosphaera leucotricha			White colour mycelial growth appear on lower surface of the leaves
Mulberry powdery mildew	Phyllactinia corylea			White colour powdery growth appear on both surface of the leaves
Powdery mildew of Lilac	Microsphaera syringae
Powdery mildew of Arabidopsis		Golovinomyces orontii

Taphrinaceae

New classification: Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Ascomycota, Sub division: Taphrinomycotina, Class: Taphrinomycetes, Order: Taphrinales, Family: Taphrinaceae, Genus: Taphrina Species: deformans

Disease name	Causal Organism		Symptoms
Peach leaf curl	Taphrina deformans		Purple colour developed in the affected area and leaf curl downwards. Later the affected area covered by grayish bloom due to sporulation of the pathogen (Asexual reproduction through Budding process)
Turmeric leaf blotch	Taphrina maculans		Rectangular spots along the veins
Witches broom of cherries		Taphrina epiphylla

Clavicipitaceae

New classification: Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Ascomycota, Class: Sordariomycetes, Order: Hypocreales, Family: Clavicipitaceae, Genus: Claviceps Species: fusiformis

Disease name	Causal Organism	Symptoms
Cumbu ergot disease or Honey dew disease or Sugary disease	Claviceps fusiformis /                   (C. microcephala) Sphacelia fusiformis	Infected florets or spikelets are producing honey dew like substances. Later on sclerotia are produced. (Drug of the century producing fungus, LSD- Lysergic acid Diethylamide) (Aflatoxin – Ergotoxin – St. Anthony’s fire)

    Dothidiaceae

Disease name	Causal Organism	Symptoms
Sooty mould of Mango or Black mildew	Capnodium mangiferae (Insect fungus associated disease, the disease is not act as a parasite)	The fungus produces black coloured mycelium which is usually superficial and dark, grows on the leaves, flowers and fruits (Insect fungus associated disease, the disease is not act as a parasite – Hyphopodium)

Venturiaceae

New classification: Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Ascomycota, Class: Dothideomycetes, Order: Venturiales, Family: Venturiaceae, Genus : Venturia Species: inaequalis

Disease name	Causal Organism	Symptoms
Apple Scab or Black spot (Hemibiotroph)	Venturia  inaequalis Spilocea pomi	Depressed spots with dark brown to black velvety surface on lower surface. Fruits show black circular lesions on the skin

Three types of powdery mildew

Description	Oidium	Oidiopsis	Ovulariopsis
Mycelium	Hyaline, septate, Ectophytic	Hyaline, Septate, Enodphytic	Hyaline, Septate, Ecto and Endophytic
Haustoria	Present in epidermis	Present in epidermis and spongy cells	Epidermal haustoria absent
Conidiophore	Club shaped, non Septate	long branched Septate	Long single branched Septate hyphae
Conidia	Cylindrical shaped in chains	single celled, club shaped	single celled, clavate
Host	wheat, pulses	Red gram, chilli, castor	Mulberry
Cleistothecia	Myceloid appendage	Myceloid appendage	Bulbous appendage

			Ex. Sphaerotheca

 

Many ascus

Single ascus

                                                        

 

Ex. Microsphaera

Dichotomously branched

Ex. Uncinula

Circinoid

Ex. Erysiphe , Leveillula

Myceloid

Phyllactinia

Bulbous

Types of Cleistothecium